|
1
|
|
|
2
|
- How can we talk about English Lexicon dealing with thousands of lexe=
mes?
|
|
3
|
- How can I make the right choice in translation?
|
|
4
|
- Late Middle English &n=
bsp;
Classical: Latin and Greek
- 1066 &n=
bsp; =
; &n=
bsp;
Norman French
- 787 &n=
bsp;
Scandinavian
- 597 &n=
bsp;
Religious Latin
- 455 &n=
bsp;
Anglo-Saxon
- 55 AD &n=
bsp;
Colonial Latin
- 2000
BC &n=
bsp; =
;
Celtic
- Map of Europe
- Historical Atlas of Europe
|
|
5
|
- Modern English:
- Old English (brought by Anglo, Saxons and Jutes in V c.)
- Norman French (battle of Hastings in 1066)
- Greek and Latin
|
|
6
|
- A variety of linguistic layers defined 3 different registers:
- Germanic > general register
- Norman-French > formal register
- Classical languages > intellectual, abstract, scientific, technic=
al
register
|
|
7
|
- Definition of register:
- “a particular variety of diction or choice of word appropriate=
to
a given social situation or literary context”
- DECORUM
|
|
8
|
|
|
9
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
11
|
- Sir James Murray:
- “whose 'Anglicity' [Englishness] is unquestioned... they are t=
he
Common Words of the language. But they are linked on every side with
other words which are less and less entitled to this appellation, and
which pertain ever more and more distinctly to the domain of local
dialect, of the slang and cant of 'sets' of classes, of the peculiar
technicality of trade and processes, of the scientific terminology
common to all civilized nations, of the actual languages of other la=
nds
and peoples. And there is absolutely no defining line in any directi=
on: the
circle of the English language has a well-defined centre but no
discernible circumference.” (Oxford English Dictionary, 1884)<=
/li>
|
|
12
|
- Murray states that words are ‘in’ the language at differ=
ing
degrees
- He establishes a hiera=
rchy
of usage: common, literary, colloquial and slang
|
|
13
|
- To build a semantic field we can use Murray’s diagram.
|
|
14
|
- Exercises:
- MAD (insane, gaga, men=
tal,
flaky, possessed, daft, hyperchondriac, bereft of reason, batty, bar=
my,
wacky, nuts, crazy, catatonic, melancholic, neurotic, psychotic, cuc=
koo,
loony, schizoid, manic, bananas)
- CHILD (baby, sprog, infant, toddler, youngster, youth, adolescent,
teenager, minor,kid, nipper, bairn, juvenile, shaver; offspring, iss=
ue,
progeny, daughter, decendant)
- SIN (crime, fault, err, misdeed, trespass, malfeasance, misdemeanour,
wrongdoing, lapse, wrongdoing)
|
|
15
|
- In various technical fields, there is a division of register reflect=
ed
between the general and the specialist term. Even in general vocabul=
ary,
the base-term will commonly be in Saxon, but the descriptive adjecti=
ve
will be classical:
|
|
16
|
- Language for Special Purpose is often defined by a high register:
|
|
17
|
- additional (extra)
- advise (tell)
- applicant (you)
- commence (start)
- complete (fill in)
- comply with (keep to)
- consequently (so)
- ensure (make sure)
- forward (send)
- in accordance with (under, keeping to)
- in excess of (more than)
|
|
18
|
- Anglo-Saxon words are generally shorter, less formal, and concrete; =
Latin
and Greek words are longer, essentilly abstract, and used in formal =
or
technical contexts.
- Examples
|
|
19
|
- With the advent of improved microsurgery techniques, congenital
cataracts are being operated on at very young ages. The insertion of=
a
polysulfone inlay might prevent the development of amblyopia. When t=
he
child is a few years old, it might be possible to remove the inlay a=
nd
replace it with either an intraocular lens or an extended-wear conta=
ct
lens. (Acta XXIV International Congress of Ophthalmology)
- With most contact lenses you put them in and take them out every day,
but some designs such as extended-wear contact lenses can be kept in=
for
longer periods; overnight or up to a week. The exact amount of time
depends on your eyes. (information leaflet)
|
|
20
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
24
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
26
|
|
|
27
|
|
|
28
|
- Welsh
- Breton
- Irish
- Scottish Gaelic
- Manx
- Cornish
|
|
29
|
|
|
30
|
- Saint Augustine
- Christianization
- Latin
- Language of the Church
- http://www.euratlas.com/travel_time/europe_north_west_0700.html
|
|
31
|
|
|
32
|
- Under William the State of England became an estate of Normandy
- every position of power in the State and in the Church
- History was no longer with the Anglo-Saxons. Norman cut out memory a=
nd
history
|
|
33
|
- At the beginning no more than
3 or 5 % of the population spoke Norman French
- Yet the language, and especially grammar, kept changing as a evidenc=
e of
its power and its vivacity.
- When the Danes and the Wessexled English began to trade across the
Danelaw in the 10th century, the rub between the two not dissimilar
languages led to changes which affected the way they talked then and=
we
talk now. The main feature of such a change was for sure the inflect=
ed
forms of the language =
that
flatten in favour of the use of prepositions which came into play ar=
ound
that time. This is sti=
ll
going on in the 12th century. Prepositions like ‘to’,
‘by’, ‘from’ were performing more than the
functions of the old words endings, and word order itself was becomi=
ng
more fixed. ‘The’ becomes more used than the range of
different words used for the definite articles.
- The plurals as well changed. For ex. The old English plural for
‘Naman’ began to be formed by adding an
‘s’>>’nam-es’
|
|
34
|
- But the longer Norman French dominated, the weaker English would bec=
ome.
- English- speaking peas=
ants
and French-speaking masters lived in two very different contexts. For
ex.: English speakers tended the living cattle, which are still call=
ed
by the Old English words ‘ox’ or ‘cow’. Fren=
ch speakers ate prepared food =
which
came to the table called by the French word ‘beef’.
- &nbs=
p;
English animal --- French meat
- Sheep --- mutton
- Calf --- veal
- Deer --- venison
- Pig --- pork
- The English laboured, the French feasted!
|
|
35
|
- Similarly
- French brought over craftsmen who gave us the names for the tools of=
the
trade: for ex. ‘measure’, ‘mallet’ (maglio),
‘chisel’, ‘bucket’, trowel’ (cazzuola)=
.
- French controlled also the market: ‘merchant’, money
(monai), price (pris), bargain (bargaine), contract (contract), part=
ner
(parcener), and so on.
- The Old English names began to die out: out went Ethlbert, Aelfric,
Dunstan, Wulfstan, Wulfric; in came Richard, Robert, Simon, Stephen,
John, William.
|
|
36
|
|
|
37
|
- In 1204, John, King of Aquitaine and England, lost his Norman lands =
in a
war with the Kingdom of France. So the Norman dukedoms were now part of another empire. The
Norman Barons of England had to choose where their alliance lay: Phi=
lip
II of France or King John.
- Most important, French began to be thought as foreigner in London, a=
nd
there were strong anti-French feelings. What happened is that Norman=
in
England had to begin to consider themselves as anti-Normans.
- Indeed, the Magna Charta written by the barons against King John was
drawn up in Latin (the language of the Church, deep tradition, common
language of the western civilised world).
- Women: when they married a French speaking man, they took their own
language into the court, as well as their own servants and wet nurse=
s.
So many children were grown up bilingual.
|
|
38
|
- French words, after the middle of the 13th century, continue to stre=
am
into English, as well as their ideas (virtue, trade).
- Bilingualism was considered a way to clarity of thought, accuracy of
expression. See ask/demand [demand to ask for something
forcefully, in a way that shows that a refusal is not expected:], ro=
om/chamber,
wish/desire, liberty/freedom, bit/morsel, answer/respond.
- DIFFERENCE BTW FRENCH AND OLD ENGLISH WORDS >> almost synonyms=
are
one of the glories of the English language
|
|
39
|
|
|
40
|
|
|
41
|
|
|
42
|
- English used the invasion to
- increase its own strength
|
|
43
|
- 1348 the worst plague arrived in the islands: The Black Death killed=
a
disproportioned number of the clergy, thus reducing the grip of Latin
all over the land. The Latin- speaking clergy was much reduced, in s=
ome
part of the country by almost a half.
- Many of their replacement were layman, barely literate, whose only
language was English.
- Shortage of labour made wages increase. Many peasants, artisans, and
working-class people discovered plague-emptied farms and superior
houses, which they occupied or bought. With them also English was
breaking through.
- Richard II was the first monarch using English since the Conquest.
Unsatisfaction among the working-class made English became the langu=
age
of the protest.
|
|
44
|
- English replaced French into classrooms. As education and literacy
spread, the demand for books in English increased.
- In 1362 English was acknowledged as the language of official busines=
s.
- In 1399, King Richard II was deposed by Henry, Duke of Lancaster. The
document deposing him was in English. Henry made his speech to claim=
the
crown not in Latin - language of state business - not in the royal
household French, but in his ‘Mother tongue’, English.
|
|
45
|
- Chaucer, the first writer of the newly emerged England. He writes in=
the
new English (London-based English), middle English, the language whi=
ch
was regaining control of the country in which it had been nourished.=
- He writes in a language to be read aloud to a public more than in
private. About 25 % of the vocabulary used by Chaucer is from the Fr=
ench,
but there’s no sense that English had been taken over. The
language is English.
- All function words are from Old English.
- Cross-class characters >> variety of the language
- The base of Standard English
|
|
46
|
- Until Henry V, English kings used to speak English but all court
documents were written in French since 1066. Henry V preferred to wr=
ite
in vernacular, the easier way to spread throughout the land.
- He decided that Signet Office (Westminster) should use English (Offi=
ce
where the monarch letters were written and sealed).
- English became the language of the rule and English clerks gained
control.
|
|
47
|
- But which English was it? The obstinacy of English dialects is
impressive. There were much differences between northern dialects and
southern ones.
- And pronunciation was nothing compared to spelling: there was the ne=
ed
to agree on a common linguistic standard. The scribes of Westminster
took on the control in the Chancellery (later Chancery) to standardi=
ze
the language. The standard they applied still admitted a lot of
variation and we are not going to see a spoken standard until much
later.
|
|
48
|
- Chancery English shaped the English word standard, by scores of
anonymous men attempting to clarify and refine the way we used the w=
ords
we spoke when we transferred them to write.
- Language became not only the language of the state but also the lang=
uage
of the class of people most expected to be the state’s closest
supporters.
|
|
49
|
- Another arbiter of the written language was Caxton a printer who many
times had to choose the ‘correct’ English spelling. He
tended to use common daily used vocabulary.
- By the end of the 15th c English was the language of the State
|
|
50
|
- 1588 colonial conquests
- As England imported a huge cargo of goods, English imported a huge c=
argo
of vocabulary
- 10-12.000 new words entered English during this Elizabethan and Jaco=
bean
period, as well as new ideas and a new map of the world.
- Loans came from France, Spain, Portugal, Holland
- Sailors, but also artists, scholars and aristocrats began to explore
Europe and take back home new ideas and words.
- Italy, above all, and the language of art and architecture, and musi=
c.
|
|
51
|
- 14th and 15th c. Latin is the language of the Church. There was no B=
ible
in English.
- God was beyond understanding.
- Mystery Plays tell the Christian story from the Creation to the
resurrection of Christ, but they are not the scriptures. > biblic=
al
soap operas.
|
|
52
|
- In the 14th c John Wycliffe, philosopher and theologian, believed th=
at
knowledge should be shared by everyone. So he launched a furious att=
ack
on the power and wealth of the Church.
- He first of all wanted to distinguish the eternal, ideal Church of G=
od
from the material one of Rome. He attacked transubstantiation, cleri=
cal
celibacy, enforced confession, indulgences, pilgrimages, Mystery Pla=
ys.
- He stated that the Bible was the only religious faith and practice a=
nd
that everyone had the right to read and interpret scripture for hims=
elf.
He used to speak and write in Latin.
- Wycliffe prepared the first translation of the Bible, but the burden=
of
it was taken by Nicholas Hereford.
- The translation is very straightforward and easy but many familiar
phrases have their English origin.
- He kept the Latin word order.
- It is a word for word translation.
- The text is shot through with Latinate words.
- In the end the Church did not accepted the translation and all the
operation. Wycliffe and his itinerant preachers were caught and many=
of
those tortured and killed.
- The Bible was outlawed.
|
|
53
|
- William Tyndale (an Oxford classical scholar, ordered priest) also
thought that English was the language of God
- He left England for Cologne; met Erasmus and Luther
- He translated the new Testament not form Latin but form the original
Greek and Hebrew
- Printed abroad, the Bible was smuggled into England. Two years later
there were 6.000 copies. Beautiful edition
- He was recognised guil=
t of
heresy and killed
|
|
54
|
- Another twist in the adventure of English was realized by the reviva=
l in
the study of classical texts, after the translation of the Bible in English.
- All this happened essentially in Oxford and Cambridge.
- Humanists saw Latin as=
the
language of classical thought, science, philosophy. Latin of the
universal language they could communicate through Europe. Latin was =
the
language of international debate and controversy.
- All that impetus was due to the translation of the Bible in English.
Latin was no longer the acknowledge word of God, and the servant of =
the
Church..
|
|
55
|
- Thousands of new words came into English vocabulary of educated peop=
le.
>> soon they found their place in essays, pamphlets, plays, po=
ems,
etc.
- Science, medicine >> concept, invention, technique
- Words also arrived from Greek via Latin: skeleton, tendon, larynx,
glottis, pancreas. From Latin: tibia, parasites, pneumonia, thermome=
ter,
capsules, tonic. We talked about our bodies in ancient tongues.
- It became snobbery to use a certain vocabulary.
|
|
56
|
- The Inkhorn Controversy: Controversy between the supporters of new Latin=
words
and the defenders of true English. In poetry: which is the truer way=
of
writing English?
- Edmund Spenser: we should revive obsolete English Words
- and make use of little-known words from English dialects: algate for
altogether, sicker for certainly.
- Many words did not survive.
- To fatigate > to make tired
- To Obtestate > to bear witness
- Arreption a > sudden removal
- To Latrate > to bark like a dog
|
|
57
|
- -1000 first Sanskrit Dictionary
- - 100 first Arabic Dictionary
- 1604: first English Dictionary
- +8 first Italian Dictionary
- + 35 first French Dictionary
- 2543 words, no everyday
words.
- It is a recognition of the new status of the English language: “full of Ha=
rd
Usuall English Wordes borrowed from Hebrew, Greeke, Latine, or French
& C.”
|
|
58
|
- The language of the court was drifting further from the language of =
the
people.
- Attitudes towards regional varieties of speech and their accents were
hardening. Class was discovering a fertile home in speech difference=
s.
But by this time to be at the top table was not to speak Latin or Fr=
ench
but English of a particular variety. The Received Pronunciation was =
that
of London and the Home Counties.
- The struggle for the ‘right and proper’ way to speak was=
and
is a continuing debate.
- We witness also the split away of literature from everyday speech.
Dialect is still considered to be below the salt. Literature still
belong to the high tab=
le,
and realists of the 16th c saw this and identified it.
- The story hasn’t changed much since. The dialect in southern K=
ent
was considered the most clumsy and used to indicate ignorance and
foolishness on stage. It was considered positively rustic.
- Shakespeare was using courtly English, street slang and his own local
dialect.
|
|
59
|
- Shakespeare’s English
- Over 2000 of our words today are first recorded by him, even plucked=
out
or invented by him.
- Some of them are: obscene, accommodation, barefaced (sfacciato),
leap-frog (cavallina), or courtship, dextrously, indistinguishable,
premeditated, reliance.
- 400 years ago Shakespeare had a vocabulary of at least 21.000 words. The King James
Bible of 1611 used about 10.000 different words. The average educated
man today has a vocabulary of less than half that of Shakespeare.
- The language at that time was in flux.
- Shakespeare shoved into bed together words that scarcely knew each o=
ther
before: ill-tuned, baby-eyes, smooth-faced (sbarbatello); puppy met =
dog.
People began to start their sentences with oh and well, while pray, prithee a=
nd
marry began to die off.
|
|
60
|
- Words are both an expression of and a report on the human condition.=
He
explores the notion of personal identity, the study of which has
intensified since his day to an extent that event he might not have =
been
able to predict. His soliloquies express dynamic=
shifts
in stated of mind. Drama can be internal.
- Stratford-Upon-Avon defined Sh’s use of the English language. =
The
roots of Old English would have been in his ears since his infancy. =
At
the local grammar school he must have studied the masters of classic=
al
Latin literature (Cicero, Ovid, Virgil, Horace). He must have had
teachers who owned Fre=
nch
words. HE picked up some French and Italian later in his life.
- He was well aware of the Inkhorn Controversy.
- He approached new words to everyday ones.
|
|
61
|
- Melvyn Bragg, The Adve=
nture
of English. The Biography of a Language, Arcade Publishing, NY 2004<=
/li>
- Geoffrey Hughes, A History of English Words, Blackwell Publishing, 2=
000
|
![3D"Comprimi](3D"v3_outline_collapse.gif")
![](3D"v3_space.gif")
![](3D"v3_master05_image001.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0003_image002.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image003.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image005.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image006.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image007.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image008.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image009.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image011.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image013.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image015.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image017.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image019.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image021.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image022.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image023.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image024.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image025.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image026.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image027.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image029.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0038_image031.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image032.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image034.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image036.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image038.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image040.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image047.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image048.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image060.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image061.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image062.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image063.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0087_image065.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image066.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0088_image067.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image068.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0048_image069.jpg")
![](3D"v3_slide0048_image070.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0048_image071.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image072.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0050_image073.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image074.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0049_image076.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image078.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image079.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image080.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image081.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image083.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image084.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image085.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0061_image086.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image089.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image091.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image092.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image093.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image094.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image095.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image096.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image097.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image098.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image100.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image101.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image103.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image104.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image108.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image109.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image110.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0084_image111.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image112.gif")
![](3D"v3_master04_image113.gif")
![](3D"master05_image114.gif")
![](3D"master05_image115.gif")
![](3D"master04_image116.gif")
![](3D"master04_image117.gif")
![](3D"slide0003_image118.gif")
![](3D"slide0011_image119.gif")
![](3D"slide0012_image120.gif")
![](3D"slide0047_image121.gif")
![](3D"slide0015_image123.jpg")
![](3D"slide0045_image125.jpg")
![](3D"slide0046_image127.jpg")
![](3D"slide0052_image129.jpg")
![](3D"slide0053_image131.jpg")
![](3D"slide0053_image132.gif")
![](3D"slide0018_image133.gif")
![](3D"slide0024_image135.jpg")
![](3D"slide0038_image137.jpg")
![](3D"slide0038_image138.gif")
=
![](3D"slide0039_image140.jpg")
![](3D"v3_slide0042_image035.gif")
![](3D"slide0043_image142.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0044_image039.gif")
![](3D"slide0037_image143.gif")
![](3D"slide0087_image145.jpg")
![](3D"slide0087_image146.gif")
=
![](3D"slide0088_image147.gif")
=
![](3D"slide0050_image151.gif")
![](3D"slide0050_image152.gif")
![](3D"slide0050_image153.gif")
=
![](3D"slide0049_image155.jpg")
![](3D"slide0049_image156.gif")
=
![](3D"slide0054_image157.gif")
![](3D"slide0054_image158.gif")
![](3D"slide0056_image159.gif")
![](3D"slide0058_image161.jpg")
![](3D"slide0061_image163.gif")
![](3D"slide0076_image165.jpg")
![](3D"slide0077_image167.jpg")
![](3D"slide0084_image168.gif")
=
![](3D"slide0048_image149.jpg")
![](3D"slide0048_image150.gif")
=
![](3D"notes_flag.gif")
No=
te![](3D"buttons.gif")
![](3D"v3_next_disabled.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_prev_active.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_prev_disabled.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_outline_expand.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master05_background.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_background.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0011_image004.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image005.gif"=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0012_background.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0047_background.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0015_image010.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0045_image012.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image013.gif"=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0046_image014.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0086_image016.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image017.gif"=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0052_image018.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0053_background.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0018_background.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0024_image028.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0038_image030.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0038_image031.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0039_image033.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image034.gif"=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0043_image037.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image038.gif"=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image041.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image042.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image043.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image044.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image045.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image046.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image048.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image049.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image050.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image051.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image052.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image053.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image054.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image055.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image056.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image057.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image058.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image059.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image060.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0037_image062.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0087_image064.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0087_image065.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image068.gif"=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0048_image071.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0050_background.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0049_image075.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0049_image076.gif=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image077.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0054_background.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0056_background.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0058_image082.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image083.gif"=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image087.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0076_image088.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image089.gif"=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0077_image090.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image099.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_slide0082_image102.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image103.gif"=){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image105.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image106.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"v3_master04_image107.gif"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0015_image122.png"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0045_image124.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0046_image126.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0052_image128.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0053_image130.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0024_image134.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0038_image136.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0039_image139.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0043_image141.png"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0087_image144.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0048_image148.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0049_image154.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0058_image160.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0061_image162.png"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0076_image164.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0077_image166.jpg"){kind=link}