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Letteratura e cultura dei Paesi di lingua inglese
Nel 1973: The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary: Enlightenment“shallow and pretentious intellectualism, unreasonable contempt for authority and tradition, etc., applied esp. to the spirit and aims of the French philosophers of the 18th c.”
- George I (1714-27)
- George II (1727-60)
- George III (1760-1820)
- Daniel Defoe
- Samuel Richardson
- Henry Fielding
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- The Tatler 1709 < fondatore Richard Steel
- The Spectator 1711: ex fumo dare lucem = to turn the darkness light < Joseph Addison
- Famale Spectator di Eliza Haywood, 1744
- Gentleman’s Magazine
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Biografia di laurence Sterne [sezione Sterne > biography] oppure in download in pdf
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Pubblicazione TS
1759: primi due volumi del romanzo
1761: volumi 3-4
1762: volumi 5-6
1765: volumi 7-8
1767: volume 9.
DIGRESSIONE
la digressione – è stata interpretata dalla critica come un passaggio da un argomento all’altro, da una realtà interiore a una esteriore, come un procedere sequenziale per associazioni di idee.
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puzzle vs patchwork
L’origine etimologica del sostantivo “digressione”, dal verbo latino digredi composto di dis- “qua e là” e gradi “camminare” o “uscire di strada”
Rispetto a cosa o a chi il racconto è “digressivo” o “discontinuo”:
alla vita di Tristram in senso lineare e cronologico,
allo stile narrativo, alle premesse metacritiche, o
al senso di verità comunicato dalle informazioni
Esiste un argomento “principale” da opporre a tanti argomenti “secondari”
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Erasmo da Rotterdam nella sua Copia Rerum afferma che per abbellire la sententia si può fare uso dei dettagli, creare neologismi, utilizzare la sinonimia, operare delle digressioni: “The sixth method of amplifying, which the Greek call a parekbasis, some of the Latins call egressio, others digressio, and some excursus.”
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——Tristram
said he, shall be made to conjugate every
word in the dictionary, backwards and
forwards the same way;——every word,
Yorick, by this means, you see, is converted
into a thesis or an hypothesis;—
every thesis and hypothesis have an offspring
of propositions;—and each proposition
has its own consequences and
conclusions; every one of which leads
the mind on again, into fresh tracks of
enquiries and doubtings.——The force
of this engine, added my father, is incredible,
in opening a child's head.——vol.6 ch.2
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I told him, Sir -- for in good truth,
when a man is telling a story in the
strange way I do mine, he is obliged
continually to be going backwards and
forwards to keep all tight together in the
reader's fancy -- which, for my own
part, if I did not take heed to do more
than at first, there is so much unfixed
and equivocal matter starting up, with
so many breaks and gaps in it, -- and so
little service do the stars afford, which,
nevertheless, I hang up in some of the
darkest passages, knowing that the
world is apt to lose its way, with all the
lights the sun itself at noon day can
give it -- and now, you see, I am lost
myself ! --
vol6 chap.33
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Could a histo-
riographer drive on his history, as a
muleteer drives on his mule, -- straight
forward ; ---- for instance, from Rome all
the way to Loretto, without ever once
turning his head aside either to the right
hand or to the left, -- he might venture
to foretell you to an hour when he should
get to his journey's end ; ---- but the
thing is, morally speaking, impossible :
For, if he is a man of the least spirit, he
will have fifty deviations from a straight
line to make with this or that party as he
goes along, which he can no ways avoid.
He will have views and prospects to
himself perpetually solliciting his eye,
which he can no more help standing still
to look at than he can fly ; he will more-
over have variousAccounts to reconcile:
Anecdotes to pick up :
Inscriptions to make out :
Stories to weave in :
Traditions to sift :
Personages to call upon :
Panygericks to paste up at this door :
Pasquinades at that : ---- All which
both the man and his mule are quite ex-
empt from. To sum up all ; there are
archives at every stage to be look'd in-
to, and rolls, records, documents, and
endless genealogies, which justice ever
and anon calls him back to stay the
reading of : ---- In short, there is no end
of it ; ---- for my own part, I declare I
have been at it these six weeks, making
all the speed I possibly could, -- and am
not yet born : -- I have just been able, and
that's all, to tell you when it happen'd,
but not how ; -- so that you see the thing
is yet far from being accomplished.
VOL I chap 14
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tristramShandyWeb: www.tristramshandyweb.it > sezione HyperTS > Tristram Shandy tra digressione e ipertestualità by Giulia Losi
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Understanding pattern perception provides abstract design rules that can tell us much about how we should organize data so that important structures will be perceived. If we can map information structures to readily perceived patterns, then those structures will be more easily interpreted. [Colin Ware, Information Visualization: Perception for Design, Morgan Kaufmann, Elsevier, San Francisco 2004, p. 188.]
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Le tre leggi di Newton affermano che:
• un corpo in quiete rimane in quiete e un corpo in movimento lungo una linea retta rimane in movimento uniforme, a meno che non venga disturbato da una forza esterna;
• l’accelerazione di un corpo è direttamente proporzionale alla forza applicata e ha la direzione della linea retta nella quale agisce la forza;
• a ogni forza si contrappone una forza di reazione uguale e opposta
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Robert Kaufman (biochimico e studioso di Teoria della complessità)
[...] ci sono individui che interagiscono (molecole, batteri, uccelli, macchine);
ci sono regole che gli individui seguono; ci sono obiettivi e vincoli contrastanti;
ci sono interazioni tra un sistema e l’altro; ci sono percorsi di adattamento
ai cambiamenti esterni. In pratica, non si può comprendere il volo
di uno stormo di uccelli studiando il comportamento individuale di un uccello:
ogni uccello segue regole, interagisce con gli altri uccelli, produce un
sistema che si muove in modo ordinato e in questo modo si adatta ai mutamenti
esterni. Visto dall’esterno un sistema può avere un comportamento
apparentemente casuale, ma comprendendone le regole di fondo e definendole
in termini matematici quel comportamento diventa relativamente prevedibile.
E quindi migliorabile****
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Robert Hooke, Micrographia,
these kind of Objects there is much more difficulty to discover the true shape, then [sic] of those visible to the naked eye, the same Object seeming quite differing [sic], in one position to the Light, from what it really is, and may be discover'd in another. And therefore I never began to make any draught before by many examinations in several lights, and in several positions to those lights, I had discover'd the true form. (xxiv)
Henry Power, Experimental Philosophy
John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
if by the help of such Microscopical Eyes (if I may so call them,) a Man could penetrate farther than ordinary into the secret Composition, and radical Texture of bodies, he would not make any great advantage by the change, if such an acute Sight would not serve to conduct him to the Market and Exchange.
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Roland Bathes, S/Z:
[...] the goal of literary work (of literature as work) [which] is to make the
reader no longer a consumer, but a producer of the text. Our literature is
characterized by the pitiless divorce which the literary institution maintains
between the producer of the text and its user, between its owner and its consumer,
between its author and its reader. This reader is thereby plunged into
a kind of idleness -- he is intransitive; he is, in short, serious: instead of
functioning himself, instead of gaining access to the magic of the signifier,
to the pleasure of writing, he is left with no more than the poor freedom either
to accept or reject the text: reading is nothing more than a referendum.
Opposite the writerly text, then, is its counter value, its negative, reactive
value: what can be read, but not written: the readerly. We call any readerly
text a classic text.
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